We are living in an age of greater uncertainty. The international system that emerged after the end of the Second World War (1945) as bipolar, transitioned into a unipolar one after the dissolution of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s. The period of American hegemony (unipolarity), which emerged after the beginning of the 1990s, gave way to a multipolar order. The present change, characterised by the relative decline of US hegemony and the rise of major powers like China, a resurgent Russia, and middle powers such as Türkiye, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), has…